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"Tactical bombing," Gen. Jimmy Doolittle reportedly observed, "is breaking the milk bottle. Strategic bombing is killing the cow." Most nations have historically chosen between building tactical and strategic air forces; rarely has a state given equal weight to both. The advantages of tactical air power are obvious today as small wars and petty tyrants bedevil us, but in a Cold War world split between continental superpowers, strategic bombing took precedence. According to Craig C. Hannah, the effect on America's tactical air arm was just short of calamitous.In the 1960s, the U.S. Air Force lacked both the equipment and properly trained pilots to assure air superiority because the Tactical Air Command (TAC) had become little more than a handmaiden to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). TAC focused primarily on the interdiction of enemy bombers and virtually ignored its other responsibilities, such as providing close support of ground troops with conventional weapons and the interdiction of enemy fighters over the battlefield. Its aircraft were designed to fly at supersonic speeds and shoot long-range, radar-guided missiles at large, lumbering bombers and not to engage in dog fights with highly maneuverable MiGs. Its premier fighter, the F-4 Phantom, lacked an internal cannon that was so crucial to the accomplishment of TAC's mission, and its pilot training programs were ill-suited for the air war over Southeast Asia. The arrival of surface-to-air-missiles in North Vietnam in 1965 also found the Air Force with neither the tactics nor the weapons needed to neutralize that threat.Hannah shows how a tactical air force that won a total victory in World War II deteriorated into a second-rate force flying aging aircraft during the early years of the Cold War; recovered briefly over Korea, where a combination of the F-86 Sabre and superior pilot training gave American pilots the edge in MiG Alley; then slid rapidly into obsolescence during the 1950s as defensive policy privileged the more cost-effective SAC and relegated TAC to the role of continental defense. His discussion of what makes a fighter aircraft work is superb; his explanation of why America's fighter aircraft did not work in Vietnam is instructive and unsettling.Hannah explains how TAC struggled through the war in Vietnam to emerge in the 1970s as the best-equipped and best-trained tactical air force in the world. He side-steps politics and inter-service rivalries to focus on the nuts and bolts of tactical air power. The result is a factual, informative account of how an air force loses its way and finds its mission again.
"Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam," by Craig C. Hannah, explores the evolution of Air Force equipment, philosophy, training, and tactics. Although the focus of the book is on the Vietnam War, the scope of Hannah's research is far greater, and ultimately stretches from World War II to the Gulf War. Hannah's core thesis is that after World War II, Air Force planners were too preoccupied with the specter of a nuclear air war with the Soviet Union, and their subsequent neglect of old-fashioned aerial combat essentials left their aviators unprepared for the deadly threats they faced over the skies of Vietnam. Hannah shows how the Air Force worked to correct this mistake.The book is rich in technical details about many topics: the surface-to-air missile threat, wing design, the role of interceptor aircraft, visibility considerations in aircraft design, the "ripple fire" concept, chaff (a countermeasure against enemy radar), the usefulness of "dissimilar air combat training," and more. Hannah covers many different aircraft, including models used both by the U.S. and by enemy forces, and also looks at various weapon systems. He also discusses the difference between tactical and strategic air power--the former concerned with "breaking the milk bottle" and the latter geared toward "killing the cow," according to a metaphor attributed to General Jimmy Doolittle. The book is extremely dense with proper names and other data; it even includes several data tables and aviation-related mathematical equations. Hannah wisely balances out the hard science and numbers with many quotes by pilots. The pilots' observations bring a very engaging human element to all of the machinery that Hannah so carefully describes.Hannah is not shy about making tough judgments--in particular, he accuses the Air Force of "an inexcusable act of negligence" in its failure to be prepared for the surface-to-air missile threat. His text is complemented by fourteen pages of photographs both of different types of aircraft and of some of the pilots who flew and fought in them. The book is documented with endnotes and with a bibliography. Hannah's sources include books, periodical articles, interviews, and other material. Part of the Texas A&M University Military History Series, this is a fascinating and fact-filled book that is written in a clear and authoritative voice.
